LEAF PIGMENT CHROMATOGRAPHY

LEAF PIGMENT CHROMATOGRAPHY

Introduction: 

In this experiment we will see different plants pigments. That pigments are: chlorophyll, xanthophyll and carotens.

Objective: 

1. To do the process of chromatography (separate the pigments with ethanol)

Material: 

- Mortar ans Pestle

- Funnel

- Scissors

- Graduated Cylinder

- Sand

- Beaker (250ml) or a petri dish

- Ethanol

- Calcium carbonate

- Spinachs

- Cellulose paper

Procedure:

1. Take 6 leafs of spinacks and cut in small pieces with the scissors.

2. Put the small pieces inside the mortar with the spatula and put a little bit of sand inside the mortar.

3. With the spatula take calcium carbonate and put inside.

4. Add 50 ml of ethanol.

5. You need to grind.

6. Filter the mixture and extract the liquid.

LATELY:

- Cut a paper strip with the cellulose paper and put inside the beaker (with the liquid that we extract)

- Do the same with the petri dish, but you need to bend the cellulose paper.

- The liquid that you have in the graduated cylinder put in front of the light.

QUESTIONS: 

1. Why do we add sand?

To brake the cells, we brake the cloroplast.

2. Why do we add calcium carbonate?

Prevents the pigments degradation.

3. Which is the color of every pigment?

Chlorophyll (verd), xanthophyll (yellow) and carotens (orange).

4. What adaptative purpose do different colored pigments serve for a plant?

To capture different light wavelengths

5. Why do they separate on the cellulose paper?

For the solubility

Rt = Distanced moved by compound from original mark

        Distanced moved by solvent from original mark

Chromoplast and Amiloplasts observation

Chromoplast and Amiloplasts observation

Introduction:

In this experiment we will use a potato and tomato to observe the cells that are inside of them.

- Chromoplast: Keep pigments.

- Amylopectin: Cells that keep the starch. 

Objectives:

1. To see the pigments of the tomato and if all the cell is red. 
2. With the potato, to see the aminoplasts

Procedure:

FIRST PART: PROCEDURE OF THE TOMATO:

1. Peel the tomato and take a small part of the pulp. 

2. Prepare a procedure called "squash". 

3. Observe with the microscope. 

4. Cut a small piece of paper (2cm) and you need to push and turn with the finger to the tomato, and then take 

away the paper. 

THE CELLS ARE WHITE, AND HAVE RED PIGMENTS THAT ARE THE CLOROPLAST !!

SECOND PART: PROCEDURE OF THE POTATO:

1. You need to cut a small piece of potato and take the white liquid that is insade with a dropper. 

2. You need to put the liquid with the light a few minutes (the liquid need to be dry). 

3. Put a few drops of lugol and wait 3 minutes. 

4. Observe with the microscope. 

YOU CAN SEE THE AMINOPLASTS !!

MICROTOME PART:

1. We need distilled water and with the microtome cut the piece of potato ant put inside the distilled water. 

2. Dye the piece of potato. 

3. Observe with the microscope. 

WE OBSERVE THE STARCH ORGANELLeS INSIDE THE CELL !!

LIFE IN A DROP OF WATER

Introduction:


In this experiment we took some drops of water of different places (water of a fishbowl and stagnant water)

Objectives:

1. To see if there are organism alive.

Material:

- Dropper
- Microscope
- Coverslips

Procedure:

1. We took with the dropper some drops of the different water.


2. We tried to see organisms alive with the microscope.

Observations:

It's difficult see the organisms.

(Dania's blog photo)

RED ONION OSMOSIS

Introduction: In this experiment we will see the process called osmosis of a red onion, with different material (distilled water, salt water and a microscope).

Objectives:

1. To see what happens to the piece of onion when we put distilled water and salt water.

Procedure:

PHASE 1: NORMAL CELLS/DRY MOUNT 

1. Carefully slice away the colored layer of cells from the red onion. This should only be the thin purple layer. Trim to get a piece about this actual size.

2. Place the thin, purple onion layer on a dry microscope slide shinny side up-do not put on water or cover slip yet.

3. Scan the entire onion tissue on low power to find and center the most purple area and focus. Set the microscope to medium power and focus the view.

4. Take a picture


PHASE 2: SALT WATER ENVIRONMENT/WET MOUNT 

Now that you have observed the layer of normal cells which are the subject of this lab, make a wet mount using 2 or 3 drops of salt water solution on the onion tissue then install cover slip.

5. Watch the cells for approximately 2-3 minutes or longer as you again survey the entire onion tissue on low power. You should see changes within many of the cells intially near the perimeter of the onion tissue. As time passes all or most of the cells should become affected by the salt water. Find some cells that have been affected and observe them under medium power.

-WE CAN SEE THE PROCESS OF PLASMOLISIS !!


PHASE 3: DISTILLED WATER ENVIRONMENT/WET MOUNT 

6. After you have colored the diagram correctly above, you need to prepare for phase 3 of this lab by putting the entire salt water wet mount in the dish of tap water to rinse off the salt water from the slide, cover slip and onion tissue layer. Dry the slide and cover-slip then gently dab the onion tissue dry.

7. Make a wet mount of the onion tissue you just rinsed using 2 or 3 drops of distilled water on the onion tissue and install the cover slip. 
Watch the cells for approximately 2-3 minutes or longer as you again survey the entire onion tissue on low power. You should see changes within many of the cells intially near the perimeter of the onion tissue. As tine passes all or most of the cells should become affected by the distilled water. Find some cells that have been affected by the distilled water and observe them under medium power.

-THE CELLS BECOME BIGGER BECAUSE TAKE THE WATER !!











(Dania's blog)















Questions: 

1. When the salt solution was added to the onion cells, where was the greater concentration (most pure) of water? (inside or outside the cell membrane). How do know this? Explain:

Inside, because outside is the salt solution.

2. In the winter, grass often dies near the roads that have been covered in salt to remove the ice. Using what you have learned in this experiment, what do you think is the reason the grass dies?

The cells leaved water.

3. Which kinf of transport does water follow across the membrane?

 Passive (membrane difussion)





(No tinc fotos perquè vaig faltar aquell dia)

ANIMAL CELLS vs PLANTS CELLS

Introduction:
In this lab experiment we are going to identify and differentiate the animal and plant cells. The food that we will use are onion and allium porrum (vegetal cells). And to see the animal cells we scrape the inner side of the cheek using a toothpick.

Material:

- Toothpick
- 2 slides
- 2 covers slips
- Distilled water
- Methylene blue
- Iodine
- Onion 
- Glycerine

Objectives:

1. Identify the major components of cells. 
2. Differemtiate between animal and plant cells. 
3. Measure dimensions of the entire cell and nucleus. 

Procedure:

(PLANT CELLS OBSERVATION)

1.  Pour distilled water into a watch glass. 

2. Peel off the leaf from half a piece of onion and using forceps, pull out a piece of transparent onion peel (epiderms) from the leaf. 

3. Put the epiderms in the watch glass containing distilled water. 

4. Take a few drops of iodine solution in a dropper and transfer into another watch glass. 

5. Using a brush, transfer the peel into the watch glass containing the dye. Let this remain in the iodine solution for 30 seconds.

6. Take the peel from the iodine solution and place it in the watch glass containing distilled water. 

7. Take a few drops of glycerine in a dropper and put 2 or 3 drops at the center of a dry glass slide. 

8. Using the brush, place the peel onto the slide containing glycerine. 

9. Take a cover slip and place it gently on the peel with the aid of a needle. 

10. Remove the extra glycerine using cellulose paper. 

11. Finally, view in the microscope the result